by Robert Hunziker / March 10th, 2014
The American Museum of Natural History/NY (AMNH-NY) conducted a
survey about the likelihood of a mass extinction event. The majority of
the 400 scientists polled were convinced that a “mass extinction of
plants and animals is underway,” posing a threat to humanity in the next
century. According to that same poll, the public is “dimly aware” of
this threat of an extinction event.
The AMNH-NY survey took place in the year 1998; thus, “the next
century” that they referenced is here now. Also, since 1998, above and
beyond additional loss of habitat for plants and animals, the state of
the climate has deteriorated considerably. Here’s why: Global carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions from burning fossil fuels; i.e., oil, gas, and
coal, have increased, on an annualized basis, by nearly 50% over the
past 16 years.
Ipso facto, the world’s climate has turned turbulent.
Perilously, the planet does not divulge extinction events. Rather,
extinctions are clandestine, shrouded in mystery, and occur far away
from where humans tread. Extinctions start under the water, at the top
of the world, and in far away places unpopulated, remote, and hidden
from the wandering eye of the human species, unbeknownst until it is too
late.
Ergo, stating the obvious, the worst possible outcome for the planet
is an extinction event because geologic history shows that 75% to 90% of
all life is wiped out. But, without question, an extinction event takes
some time to complete, like centuries or millennia, or longer,
something along those lines.
Still, what if an extinction event is
on steroids, happening much, much faster than geologic history indicates?
Then, what?
Tipping Point
This article explores the possibility that an extinction event is
on steroids, right now, threatening all humanity.
To prove the point, this article examines peer-review scientific
articles and leading scientists, their views of the danger of a tipping
point (no turning back) occurrence and/or whether the world is already
in the zone.
As such, the eminent and prestigious National Academies has already
weighed-in on three prominent trouble spots where abrupt climate change
may be festering right now. Whether those trouble spots trigger a
tipping point, only time will tell.
According to
Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change, Anticipating Surprises, National Research Council of the National Academies, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., December 2013:
The history of climate on the planet— as read in archives
such as tree rings, ocean sediments, and ice cores— is punctuated with
large changes that occurred rapidly, over the course of decades to as
little as a few years.
At the same time, it is important to emphasize that the geologic
history the report references occurred millions of years ago before
humans started artificially influencing the climate by emitting tonnes
and tonnes and tonnes and tonnes of greenhouse gases. Alas, scientific
research shows that climate change may very well be
on steroids, changing faster than ever, at breakneck speed when contrasted to the historical record.
The National Academies’ 200-page report, as of December 2013,
detailing the risks of abrupt climate change, identifies three primary
risk areas of abrupt climate change this century: (1) the ocean; (2) the
Arctic; (3) Antarctica. Two of these are already out of the starting
blocks, up and running.
The Ocean
Ocean acidification today is unprecedented, much faster than any time
over the past 300 million years, “… at least 10 times faster than 56
million years ago,” according to Bärbel Hönisch, a paleoceanographer at
Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory,
Oceans Acidifying Faster Today Than in Past 300 Million Years, National Science Foundation, Press Release 12-041,
March 1, 2012.
In that regard, the National Research Council of the National
Academies’ report concludes: If ongoing pressures of climate change
continue, meaning the burning of fossil fuels, then deeper, more
pronounced, abrupt climate changes would likely occur before the year
2100.
As of today, fossil fuels are burning more than ever before.
Meantime, research confirms that global warming has accelerated over the
past 15 years, not slowed as expressed by global warming contrarians.
Indeed, an extinction event in the ocean is already under
observation: “… nearly all marine life forms that build calcium
carbonate shells and skeletons studied by scientists thus far have shown
deterioration due to increasing carbon dioxide levels in seawater.”
The science is not circumstantial: “…sufficient information exists to
state with certainty that deleterious impacts on some marine species
are unavoidable, and that substantial alteration of marine ecosystems is
likely over the next century.”
Humans are already starting to notice the effects: “The first direct
impact on humans may be through declining harvests and fishery
revenues….”
“Ocean acidification is appearing in Washington decades sooner than anticipated….”
The state of Washington was initially alerted to the inherent danger of
excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) in the water when oyster larvae in
hatcheries died in large numbers, threatening the state’s $270 million
shellfish industry.
“This report really draws attention to a problem that exists
internationally but that has really hit hard right here in the state of
Washington.”
By all appearances, an extinction event has already started in the
ocean as the result of excessive levels of fossil fuel CO2 emissions.
And, this dilemma is bound to grow bigger and bigger and escalate ever
more rapidly as 1,200 coal-burning power plants worldwide are currently
on the drawing boards (75% in China and India), which, in turn, will
ramp up the sourcing behind ocean acidification, which is already
clocking 10 times faster than anytime throughout geologic history. Does
marine life have a fighting chance?
According to Alex Rogers, PhD, professor of Conservation Biology,
University of Oxford and Scientific Director, International Programme on
the State of the Ocean: “The change we’re seeing at the moment is
taking place extremely rapidly… We’re seeing levels of pH [a measure of
acidity] in the ocean that probably haven’t been experienced for 55
million years… I find it very difficult to tell people what a scary
situation we’re in at the moment. The oceans are changing in a huge way,
and I am particularly worried for my grandchildren. The changes we
thought would happen in the future… We’re actually seeing them now.”
Dr. Rogers claims the ocean is in a
critical state.
Accordingly, out of dire necessity, the operative question is: How
should the world’s governments respond to an ocean that is in a
critical state?
Do nothing or do something?
Methane
Methane (CH4) is the ugly stepsister to carbon dioxide (CO2). Excessively, it’s a killer.
Methane is over twenty times more powerful, over a 100-year period,
per molecule, than is carbon dioxide (CO2). Or, put another way,
methane is more effectual than carbon dioxide at absorbing infrared
radiation emitted from the earth’s surface and preventing it from
escaping into space. Notwithstanding, methane, during its first few
years upon entering the atmosphere, is 100 times as powerful as an equal
weight of CO2.
As it happens, it appears excessive levels of methane are just now starting to seriously impact the atmosphere in a big way!
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, as of
February 2013, methane levels in the atmosphere are measured at 1,874
ppb (parts per billion.) This level, in an historical context, is more
than twice the level as any time since 400,000 years before the
industrial revolution. In the past, methane has ranged between 300-400
ppb during glacial periods and 600-700 ppb during warm interglacial
periods.
The CH4 quagmire, in large measure, is the result of a melting
Arctic, which, in turn, exposes methane that has been entrapped for
millennia-times-millennia. Here’s the quandary:
We show results from some recent work from submarines,
and speculate that the trend towards retreat and thinning will
inevitably lead to an eventual loss of all ice in summer, which can be
described as a ‘tipping point’ in that the former situation, of an
Arctic covered with mainly multi-year ice, cannot be retrieved.
The statement by Peter Wadhams, PhD, Head of the Polar Ocean Physics
Group, Dept. of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University
of Cambridge, goes to the heart of the scope of methane’s threat, for
example: Rising temperatures in the Arctic (which are already rising 2-3
times faster than temps elsewhere on the planet) could abruptly trigger
the release of 50 Gt (gigatonnes) of methane currently frozen in the
seabed within a decade, which would be catastrophic.
It is the summer sea ice loss passing the point of no
return, leading to unstoppable catastrophic Arctic methane feedbacks,
sooner or later… puts us in a state of planetary emergency today.
Methane emissions slowed in the 1990s, but “… strong growth resumed in 2007.”
With methane strongly on the rise again, the news could not be any
worse regarding the prospects of an extinction event. As a matter of
fact, the recent surge in methane feeds right into the wheelhouse of an
extinction event.
Alas, the story only gets worse. The seafloor off the coast of
Northern Siberia is releasing over twice the amount of methane as
previously estimated, according to new research, as of 2013: “We believe
that the release of methane from the Arctic, and in particular this
part of the Arctic, could impact the entire globe.”
“Impact the entire globe” is not at all positive in any way shape, or
form; rather, ultimately, it means heat, lots of heat, leading to
runaway global warming, and this forecast is why a group of renowned
scientists formed the Arctic Methane Emergency Group , which has already
sent major governments a letter pleading for: “Emergency intervention
is needed both to save the Arctic sea ice and to reduce the risk of
catastrophic global warming from a sudden large emission of methane.”
“We carried out checks at about 115 stationary points and discovered
methane fields of a fantastic scale – I think on a scale not seen
before. Some of the plumes were a kilometer or more wide and the
emissions went directly into the atmosphere – the concentration was a
hundred times higher than normal,” says Dr. Igor Semiletov of the
International Arctic Research Centre at the University of Alaska
Fairbanks, who led the 8th joint US-Russian cruise of the East Siberian
Arctic seas.
According to the National Academies’ report,
abrupt climate change
has already started in the Arctic. Whether a tipping point has been
reached, or exceeded, time will tell, but it shouldn’t take too long to
know, maybe a few years, maybe longer.
As an aside, it would be absolutely wonderful and spectacular if the
climate change denialists prove to be correct about ice in the Arctic.
Their claim, which appeared all over the mainstream news this past fall,
is that the ice at the Arctic is rebuilding beautifully. And, yes it is
true Arctic sea ice “extent” and “volume” did increase, which
occasionally happens in any given year. However, the basic science, on a
long-term secular basis, doesn’t agree with their hysterics.
Accordingly, “Arctic sea ice extent in February 2014 averaged 14.44
million sq. miles. This is the fourth lowest February ice extent in the
satellite data record, and is 910,000 sq. kilometres. below the 1981 to
2010 average.”
In order for Arctic sea ice to recover from more than 30 years of
shrinkage, it will require much more than one season of increased sea
ice. It will take many, many seasons of increased sea ice. Meanwhile,
the Sword of Damocles hangs over the Arctic, threatening all society
with runaway global warming.
In that regard, the Arctic Methane Emergency Group sent a Policy Brief to major governments. Here is their conclusion:
AMEG’s conclusion is that there is now a planetary
emergency. Only by grasping the nettle and intervening with great
determination, as in a war effort, is there a chance of remedying the
situation before it is too late. International collaboration to fight
this common ‘enemy’ of Arctic meltdown must bring all nations together,
in the cause of our very survival.
“If we burn all reserves of oil, gas, and coal, there is a
substantial chance we will initiate the runaway greenhouse. If we also
burn the tar sans and tar shale, I believe the Venus syndrome is a dead
certainty.” (James Hansen,
Storms of my Grandchildren (Bloomsbury Press, 2009.)
Venus’s atmosphere consists of 96.5% carbon dioxide (CO2), which
keeps a lid on the heat as surface temps run 872 degrees F. The Venus
Syndrome happens when climate and atmospheric feedback loops are
triggered and cannot be switched off, e.g., greenhouse gases build up,
causing more warming, in turn, more greenhouse gases are released,
causing more warming, and so on and so forth in a maddening continuum of
a vicious feedback loop.
Under those circumstances, Earth risks becoming a pressure-cooking inferno.
Subsidize renewables, not fracking.
Post Script: The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports the world’s carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel usage hit record levels (
IEA: Carbon Emissions from Fuel Usage Hit New Global Record,
Deutsche Welle, Oct. 6, 2013). The IEA also warned that, based upon
larger levels of carbon dioxide emissions than previously calculated,
the world is on a path to an average temperature rise of between 3.6 and
5.3 degrees C, about double the target set at a UN summit in Durbin in
2010.
On a positive note: A student movement at more than 300
university and college campuses is encouraging endowments to divest
holdings of fossil fuel companies. As for one example, Divest Harvard
declares: “By sponsoring climate change through our investments, our
university is threatening our generation’s future.”
Robert Hunziker (MA in economic history at DePaul
University, Chicago) is a former hedge fund manager and now a
professional independent negotiator for worldwide commodity actual
transactions and a freelance writer for progressive publications as well
as business journals. He can be contacted at:
rlhunziker@gmail.com.
Read other articles by Robert.
